NEET Syllabus 2025 - MEDICAL ADMISSIONS INDIA

The National Medical Commission (NMC) has announced NEET Syllabus 2025 on December 16, 2024. NMC has arranged this NEET (UG) 2025 syllabus. The NEET syllabus is the same as pervious year.

NEET Syllabus 2025 Summary

NEET Syllabus Subject	Unit
Physic	UNIT 1: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT UNIT 2: KINEMATICS UNIT 3: LAWS OF MOTION UNIT 4: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER UNIT5: ROTATIONAL MOTION UNIT 6: GRAVITATION UNIT 7: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS UNIT9: KINETICTHEORYOFGASES UNIT 10: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES UNIT 11: ELECTROSTATICS UNIT 12: CURRENT ELECTRICITY UNIT 13: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM UNIT 14: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS UNIT 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES UNIT 16: OPTICS UNIT 17: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION UNIT 18: ATOMS AND NUCLEI UNIT 19: ELECTRONIC DEVICES UNIT 20: EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS
CHEMISTRY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY	UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY UNIT 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE UNIT 3: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE UNIT 4: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS UNIT 5: SOLUTIONS UNIT 6: EQUILIBRIUM UNIT 7: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY UNIT 8: CHEMICAL KINETICS
CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY	UNIT 9: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES UNIT 10: P- BLOCK ELEMENTS UNIT 11: d – and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS UNIT 12: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
CHEMISTRY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY	UNIT 13: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS UNIT 14: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY UNITS15: HYDROCARBONS UNIT 16: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS UNIT 17: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN UNIT 18: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN UNIT 19: BIOMOLECULES UNIT 20: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY
BIOLOGY	UNIT 1: Diversity in Living World UNIT 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants UNIT 3: Cell Structure and Function UNIT 4: Plant Physiology UNIT 5: Human Physiology UNIT 6: Reproduction UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare UNIT 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications UNIT 10: Ecology and Environment

NEET Syllabus Detail

NEET Syllabus PHYSICS

UNIT 1: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT

Units of measurements, System of Units, S I Units, fundamental and derived units, least count, significant figures, errors in measurements, Dimensions of Physics quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications.

UNIT 2: KINEMATICS

The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, position-time graph, speed and velocity;
Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly
accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated
motion, scalars and vectors, vector. Addition and subtraction, scalar and vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

UNIT 3: LAWS OF MOTION

Force and inertia, Newton’s First law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion,Impulses; Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces.
Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on a level
circular road, vehicle on a banked road.

UNIT 4: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power.The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and nonconservative forces; motion in a vertical circle: Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

UNIT 5: ROTATIONAL MOTION

Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications;
The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia forsimple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, and their applications. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion , comparison of linear and rotational motions.

UNIT 6: GRAVITATION

The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential.
Escape velocity, Motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period and energy of satellite.

UNIT 7: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s Law. Young’s modulus, bulk modulus,
modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications. Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.
Viscosity. Stokes’ law. terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow.critical velocity .
Bernoulli’s principle and its applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension – drops, bubbles, and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer, conduction, convection, and radiation

UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work, and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes.
The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.

UNIT 9: KINETICTHEORYOFGASES

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases –
assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules: Degrees of freedom. Law of equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path. Avogadro’s number.

UNIT 10: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

Oscillations and periodic motion – time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time.Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase: oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M. – Kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum – derivation of expression for its time period:
Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of travelling wave. Displacement
relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats.

UNIT 11: ELECTROSTATICS

Electric charges: conservation of charge. Coulomb’s law forces between two point charges and forces between multiple charges: the superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field: electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines. Electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.

Electric flux. Gauss’s law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges;
potential difference, equipotential surfaces, and electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and an electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitances, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates. Energy stored in a capacitor.

UNIT 12: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Electric current. Drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current.. Ohm’s law.
Electrical resistance.. V-l characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Electrical energy and power. Electrical resistivity and conductivity. Series and parallel combinations of resistors;
Temperature dependence of resistance.Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge.

UNIT 13: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

Biot – Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its
applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving
charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

UNIT 14: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer

UNIT 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of
electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible,ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves

UNIT 16: OPTICS

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, morror formula. Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula and lens maker formula. Total internal reflection and its applications.

Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction of light
through a prism. Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle. Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle. Interference, Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.. Polarization, plane-polarized light: Brewster’s law, uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid.

UNIT 17: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s
photoelectric equation: particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation..

UNIT 18: ATOMS AND NUCLEI

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion.

UNIT 19: ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.. Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).

UNIT 20: EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS

Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:

Vernier calipers-its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time.
Metre Scale – the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
Surf ace tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents,
Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body,
Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube,
Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge.
The resistance of a given wire using Ohm’s law.
Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
The focal length of;
(i) Convex mirror
(ii) Concave mirror, and
(ii) Convex lens, using the parallax method.
The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage.
Identification of Diode. LED,. Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.

NEET Syllabus PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element, and
compound:: Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae: Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

UNIT 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Bohr model of a hydrogen atom – its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie’s relationship. Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantummechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features. Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation of  a and 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various
quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p, and d – orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle. Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

Quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p, and d – orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle. Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

UNIT 3: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Kossel – Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.
Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds;
calculation of lattice enthalpy.
Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity. Fajan’s rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell
Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory – its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance.
Molecular Orbital Theory – Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals
(bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of
homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy.
Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.

UNIT 4: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties,state functions, types of processes.

The first law of thermodynamics – Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat
capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond
7 dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration,ionization, and solution.
The second law of thermodynamics – Spontaneity of processes; S of the universe and G of
the system as criteria for spontaneity. G (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium
constant.

UNIT 5: SOLUTIONS

Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution – molality, molarity, mole fraction,percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law – Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure – composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions – a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.

UNIT 6: EQUILIBRIUM

Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid – gas and solid-gas equilibria,
Henry’s law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium
constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, the significance of G and G in chemical
equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of
catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted – Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base
equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water. pH
scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.

UNIT 7: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for
assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.
Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
Electrochemical cells – Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode
potentials including standard electrode potential, half – cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement: Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.

UNIT 8: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions,Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

NEET Syllabus INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT 9: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity.

UNIT 10: P- BLOCK ELEMENTS

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements
General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group.

UNIT 11: d – and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS

Transition Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements – physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7, and KMnO4.

Inner Transition Elements
Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids – Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

UNIT 12: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner’s theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity. chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).

NEET Syllabus ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT 13: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Purification – Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography – principles and their applications.
Qualitative analysis – Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens.
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) – Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus.
Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.

UNIT 14: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules – hybridization (s and p): Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism – structural and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC).
Covalent bond fission – Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles.
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond – Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation.
Common types of organic reactions – Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement.

UNIT 15: HYDROCARBONS

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions.
Alkanes – Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
Alkenes – Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and polymerization.
Alkynes – Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides: Polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons – Nomenclature, benzene – structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration. Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in monosubstituted benzene.

UNIT 16: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS

General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons, and DDT.

UNIT 17: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS

Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: Mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration, and sulphonation. Reimer – Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehyde and Ketones
Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as – Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolff-Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of α-hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.
Carboxylic Acids
Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

UNIT 18: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.
Amines – Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character.
Diazonium Salts – Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT 19: BIOMOLECULES

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.

Carbohydrates – Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).
Proteins – Elementary idea of α-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
Vitamins – Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids.
Hormones – General introduction.

UNIT 20: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones), carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.

The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:
- Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
- Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases, and the use of indicators, oxalic acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4.
Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
- Cations – Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺.
- Anions – CO₃²⁻, S²⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻ (Insoluble salts excluded).
Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO₄.
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.

NEET Syllabus BIOLOGY

UNIT 1: Diversity in Living World

What is Living? Biodiversity, classification, taxonomy, systematics, species concept, taxonomical hierarchy, binomial nomenclature.
Five Kingdom Classification: Monera, Protista, Fungi (salient features), lichens, viruses, viroids.
Plant Classification: Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (features and examples).
Animal Classification: Non-chordates (up to phyla), chordates (up to classes) with examples.

UNIT 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

Plants: Morphology, tissues, anatomy of root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, and seed; families (Malvaceae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Compositae, Graminae).
Animals: Tissues; digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive systems (briefly for frogs).

UNIT 3: Cell Structure and Function

Cell Theory: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, animal/plant cells, membranes, walls, organelles, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles, nucleus.
Biomolecules: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes (types, properties, action).
Cell Division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis (significance).

UNIT 4: Plant Physiology

Photosynthesis: Autotrophic nutrition, pigments, phases, photophosphorylation, photorespiration (C3, C4 pathways), factors.
Respiration: Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport, ATP generation, amphibolic pathways, RQ.
Growth: Seed germination, growth regulators (auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA).

UNIT 5: Human Physiology

Breathing/Respiration: Mechanism, gas exchange, disorders (asthma, emphysema).
Circulation: Blood composition, groups, coagulation, human heart, cardiac cycle, ECG, disorders (hypertension, angina, heart failure).
Excretion: Excretory system, urine formation, kidney regulation, disorders (uremia, nephritis).
Locomotion: Skeletal/muscular systems, disorders (arthritis, osteoporosis).
Neural Control: Nervous system (CNS, PNS), nerve impulse conduction.
Endocrine System: Glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal), hormone regulation, disorders (dwarfism, goiter, diabetes).

UNIT 6: Reproduction

Plants: Flower structure, pollination, double fertilization, seed/fruit formation, apomixis, parthenocarpy.
Humans: Reproductive systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, pregnancy, lactation.
Health: Contraception, STDs, assisted reproductive technologies (IVF, ZIFT).

UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution

Heredity/Variation: Mendelian inheritance, blood groups, chromosomal theory, linkage, sex determination, genetic disorders.
Molecular Genetics: DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, human genome project, DNA fingerprinting.
Evolution: Darwinism, modern evolution theory, Hardy-Weinberg principle, human evolution.

UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare

Health/Disease: Pathogens, immunology, cancer, HIV, adolescence issues.
Microbes: Food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, biocontrol agents, biofertilizers.

UNIT 9: Biotechnology and Applications

Principles: Genetic engineering (rDNA technology).
Applications: Health (insulin, vaccines, gene therapy), GMOs (Bt crops), biosafety.

UNIT 10: Ecology and Environment

Organisms/Environment: Population interactions (mutualism, competition), growth attributes.
Ecosystems: Components, energy flow, pyramids.
Biodiversity: Conservation, hotspots, endangered species, biosphere reserves, national parks.